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Since May 2018 tobacco-industry [[Front Groups|front group]] the [[Foundation for a Smoke-Free World]] (FSFW) has been funding the establishment of multiple research centres into [[Harm Reduction| tobacco harm reduction]] across the globe.<ref name=tax>Foundation for a Smoke-Free World, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190527081643/https://www.smokefreeworld.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/fsfw_2018_form_990-pf_public_inspection.pdf Form 990-PF], 2018 Tax Return, 13 May 2019, accessed May 2019</ref> The FSFW is an ostensibly independent scientific organisation aimed at ‘accelerating the end of smoking’ which is solely funded by [[Philip Morris International]] (PMI). The Foundation has asserted that by funding these research centres it “aims to develop the next generation of leaders and institutions that will accelerate the end of smoking”.<ref name=excellence>Foundation for a Smoke-Free World, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190527125838/https://www.smokefreeworld.org/centers-grants/centers-excellence Centers of Excellence], 2019, accessed May 2019</ref> Two of the research centres have direct links to the tobacco industry. Visit the [[Foundation for a Smoke-Free World Grantees | Foundation Grantees]] page for full details on all its grants. ==New Zealand: Centre of Research Excellence on Indigenous Sovereignty & Smoking == The first research centre funded by the FSFW was the ''Centre of Research Excellence: Indigenous Sovereignty & Smoking'' (COREISS) based in Auckland, New Zealand. COREISS was set up by Dr. Marewa Glover, a Māori public health academic and advocate for social justice and tobacco harm reduction. COREISS’ mission is to “support indigenous aspirations to flourish as individuals, families, tribes and nations who are recognized as sovereign people”.<ref>COREISS, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529130157/https://coreiss.com/about Kaupapa - Our purpose], undated, accessed May 2019</ref> FSFW’s grant of US$978,449 was awarded to COREISS on 30 May 2018 and aimed at building “a global centre for smoking cessation and harm reduction in indigenous people”.<ref name=tax/> As of May 2019 only US$489,225 had been paid out.<ref name=tax/> The first FSFW-funded COREISS output was a report published in May 2019 and called “Quantifying Māori spend on tobacco, alcohol & gambling”.<ref>P. Siddharth, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529113906/https://coreiss.com/assets/Tobacco%20Alcohol%20Gambling%20Tax%20Take%202018_NZIER%20Report.pdf Quantifying Maori spend on tobacco, alcohol and gambling. A report for the Centre of Research Excellence: Indigenous Sovereignty & Smoking], New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, May 2019, accessed May 2019</ref> It summarised the tobacco, alcohol and gambling tax burden of the Māori population. Glover has long claimed that tobacco tax increases unfairly target Māori and Pasifika groups,<ref name=blame>T. Kupenga, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529120218/https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/national/tobacco-tax-beyond-tipping-point--dr-marewa-glover Tobacco Tax ‘beyond tipping point’- Dr Marewa Glover], ''Te Ao Maori News'', 6 January 2019, accessed May 2019</ref><ref>PR Newswire Asia, [https://www.asiaone.com/business/new-zealands-leading-tobacco-control-expert-questions-budget-tobacco-tax-increase New Zealand’s Leading Tobacco Control Expert Questions Budget Tobacco Tax Increase], ''Asia One'', 31 May 2019, accessed June 2019</ref> “take money from the poor”,<ref name=blame/> do not work,<ref name=racist>S. Collins, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529121115/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11647467 Public health professor Marewa Glover claims tobacco tax rise racist towards Maoris], ''NZ Herald'', 30 May 2016, accessed May 2019</ref> and push smokers to the illicit market.<ref name=blame/> Some of these claims are [[Tobacco Industry Arguments Against Taxation|arguments echoed by the tobacco industry]]. Contrary to Glover’s claim, tobacco tax is a well-evidenced and effective tobacco control policy tool. (See also: [[Price and Tax]]). A 2019 World Bank report concluded that tobacco taxes have effectively reduced smoking prevalence in countries with various levels of economic and institutional development and only play a minor role in [[Tobacco Smuggling|illicit trade]].<ref>ASH Action on Smoking and Health, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190529122107/http://ash.org.uk/media-and-news/press-releases-media-and-news/world-bank-cites-uk-as-example-of-how-tobacco-taxes-can-be-used-to-increase-government-revenues-and-improve-public-health/ World Bank cites UK as example of how tobacco taxes can be used to increase government revenues and improve public health], ASH website, 1 February 2019, accessed May 2019</ref> Glover has been criticised by NGO Hāpai Te Hauora Māori Public Health and a group of Indigenous public health experts from New Zealand, Canada, US and Australia for accepting (albeit indirectly) tobacco industry money and thereby legitimising the FSFW and PMI.<ref name=tc>A. Waa, B. Robson, H. Gifford, et al., [https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2019/05/10/tobaccocontrol-2018-054792.full.pdf Foundation for a Smoke-Free World and healthy Indigenous futures: and oxymoron?], ''Tobacco Control'', 2019, 0:1-4, doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054792</ref> Writing in ''Tobacco Control'', the Indigenous health leaders state that the tobacco industry will “use the Foundation to meet its agenda which is in stark contrast to the health and well-being agendas of Indigenous peoples” and that “co-optation of Indigenous culture” must be resisted. They add that the tobacco industry has a history of exploiting and appropriating Indigenous culture to sell and promote commercial tobacco. They also assert that the debate around next generation products and their potential to improve Indigenous health should be led by Indigenous peoples and not be influenced by organisations linked to the tobacco industry.<ref name=tc/> ==Italy: Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR)== In May 2018 the FSFW awarded US$130,559 to ECLAT SRL, “a spin off of the University of Catania”,<ref>CoEHAR, [https://www.coehar.it/comunicati-stampa/eclat-is-looking-for-partnership-to-realize-international-survey/?fbclid=IwAR29VtbyeYxxoFCR2ihb56mAluhh8fqEY6lsOSjcU37nfJzqdreL7ANQ0po ECLAT is looking for partnership to realize international survey], CoEHAR website, 11 March 2019, accessed May 2019</ref> towards the “center of excellence for the acceleration of harm reduction (CoEHAR)”.<ref name=tax/> As of May 2019 US$124,543 had been paid out.<ref name=tax/> The CoEHAR was set up in March 2018 by tobacco harm reduction advocate [[Riccardo Polosa]], who has a history of undertaking consultancy work for the tobacco industry. For example, in 2017 he was awarded a research grant of nearly a million Euros from PMI to investigate its [[Heated Tobacco Products|heated tobacco products]] (HTP).<ref>PMI Science, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325195056/https://www.pmiscience.com/iis/supported-investigator-initiated-studies Supported Investigator Initiated Studies], undated, accessed March 2019</ref> In 2018, he consulted for [[British American Tobacco]] (BAT) on three clinical trials for HTP and [[E-cigarettes|e-cigarettes]], via Swiss-based consultancy firm Health Diplomats led by [[Delon Human]].<ref >R. Polosa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325190120/http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/science-and-technology-committee/ecigarettes/written/81362.html Letter submitted by Professor Riccardo Polosa (ECG0106)], February 2019, accessed March 2019</ref> For more information, go to [[Riccardo Polosa]]. ==Scotland: Centre of Excellence in Behaviour Research Related Smoking Cessation== The FSFW awarded US$96,063 in May 2018 to the Centre for Substance Use Research (CSUR), based in Glasgow “to develop a centre of excellence in behaviour research related to smoking cessation”.<ref name=tax/> As of May 2019 US$92,941 had been paid out.<ref name=tax/> Neil McKeganey founded the ''Centre for Drug Misuse Research'' at the University of Glasgow in 1994 to carry out research on Scotland’s drug problem. Its projects were funded by UK research councils and the UK government, among others. In 2011, the Centre became entirely independent of the University<ref>Centre for Drug Misuse Research, Letter Re: Impact of Suboxone and Methadone on the Recovery from Opiate Dependency, 3 February 2012, Document released by Scotland A research Ethics Committee following Freedom of Information request from Action for Smoking and Health (ASH (UK) May 2016</ref> and was renamed the ''Centre for Substance Use Research'' (CSUR) in November 2015.<ref>Companies House, Centre for Substance Use Research, Name Change registered 24 November 2015</ref> In 2016, the University confirmed it was not in any way affiliated with the CSUR and McKeganey no longer held any position there, honorary or otherwise.<ref> University of Glasgow response to Freedom of Information request from ASH (UK), 23 June 2016</ref> On its website the CSUR describes itself as “a specialist agency undertaking research within the substance use field within the U.K., E.U., and the U.S.”.<ref>CSUR, [https://www.csures.com About CSUR], undated, accessed May 2019</ref> CSUR has previously received funding from tobacco companies including PMI, BAT, and [[Fontem Ventures]], a subsidiary of [[Imperial Tobacco| Imperial Brands]].<ref>CSUR, [https://www.csures.com/funding Funding], undated, accessed May 2019</ref> In 2014 McKeganey helped BAT oppose the introduction of [[Plain Packaging in the UK]]. McKeganey prepared a 82 page report for BAT which was included in BAT’s submission to the UK’s second public consultation on plain packaging in 2014.<ref name=consultation>British American Tobacco, [https://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__9d9kcy.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO9DKJEB/$FILE/medMD9MWB4B.pdf?openelement Consultation on the introduction of regulations for the standardised packaging of tobacco products. Response of British American Tobacco UK Limited], BAT website, 7 August 2014, accessed May 2019</ref><ref name=trial>[https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/bat-v-doh.judgment.pdf British American Tobacco, Philip Morris, Japan Tobacco International and Imperial Tobacco against Secretary of State for Health], Royal Courts of Justice, 19 May 2016, accessed July 2016</ref> In the report, McKeganey supports BAT’s view that there is no evidence to suggest that plain packaging will reduce smoking prevalence, and that packaging is not “a factor that influences people’s decisions to start, stop, or re-start smoking”.<ref name=consultation/><ref name=trial/> In May 2016, dismissing the legal challenges to the UK’s plain packaging legislation brought by the big four tobacco companies, the High Court of Justice’s ruling criticised McKeganey’s findings and the methodology they were based on:<ref name=trial/> <blockquote>“What I find unacceptable is the preparation of a report which by its total refusal to engage with any of this contramaterial simply conveys the impression that it does not exist and that the best way to refute it is to ignore it. Yet, at the same time and inconsistently, Professor McKeganey accepts that the principles of transparency and openness are “foundational tablets of the scientific enterprise”. Had Professor McKeganey confronted head-on the contrary evidence, including that from the tobacco companies, then it is hard to see how he could have advanced the opinions that he did; at the very least he would have been compelled to provide a proper rationale for why his opinion could be sustained in the light of this inconsistent evidence.” </blockquote> More recently, McKeganey and CSUR have been working for e-cigarette company [[JUUL Labs]], in which tobacco giant [[Altria]] has held a majority share since December 2018. In March 2019 JUUL Labs promoted a study by CSUR (funded by JUUL) which found that the JUUL e-cigarettes “dramatically” cut adult smokers’ cigarettes consumption.<ref>Juul Labs, [https://newsroom.juul.com/2019/03/01/peer-reviewed-study-adult-smokers-using-juul-dramatically-cut-quantity-of-cigarettes-smoked/ Peer-Reviewed Study: Adult Smokers Using Juul Dramatically Cut Quantity of Cigarettes Smoked], JUUL Labs Inc. website, 1 March 2019, accessed March 2019</ref><ref>A. Ault, [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/910667 E-Cig Giant Juul Touts Positiv eStudy in a Questionable Journal], ''Medscape'', 20 March 2019, accessed March 2019</ref> ==Other Centres Funded by FSFW== ===South Africa: African Centre of Excellence for Smoking and Mental Health=== In May 2018 the Foundation awarded the University of Cape Town’s (UCT) Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health US$70,800 to set up an African Centre of Excellence for Smoking and Mental Health.<ref name=tax/> The Principal Investigator on the grant was named as clinical psychologist Dr Adele Pretorius.<ref>University of Cape Town Research Contracts office, Email to University of Bath, 4 June 2019 12:02</ref> In May 2019 the FSFW recorded that it had paid out US$24,517 to UCT.<ref name=tax/> In October 2019 UCT’s Research Office confirmed that the grant had come to an end and that a policy was being put in place to disallow further funding from the tobacco industry.<ref>University of Cape Town Research Contracts office, Email to University of Bath, 11 October 2019 10:054</ref> ===United States: Behavioral Psychology Centre of Excellence=== In December 2018 the Foundation awarded the Florida-based Fox Foundation US$59,910 to scope out the possibility of a Behavioral Psychology Centre of Excellence.<ref name=tax/> The Fox Foundation describes itself as a “non-profit corporation whose mission is to identify, develop and implement economically sustainable solutions for smoking cessation and other problems that can be addressed through behavior modification.”<ref name=fox>The Fox Foundation Inc, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603140637/http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ConvertTiffToPDF?storagePath=COR%5C2019%5C0220%5C24533019.Tif&documentNumber=N18000006524 Document Number N18000006524, Florida Articles of Incorporation Amendment], 8 February 2019, accessed June 2019</ref> In May 2019, the entire grant amount had yet to be paid out.<ref name=tax/> According to documents filed in February 2019 in the State of Florida,<ref>Florida Department of State, Corporations database: Document reference N18000006524, filed February 2019, held at https://dos.myflorida.com/, accessed June 2019</ref> the Foundation’s chairman is Vaughn Volpi and its directors are Geoff Comrie and Charles Roe. Vaughn Volpi is President for Tampa-based security company Pica.<ref name=bio>PICA Corporation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603141829/http://www.pica.net/PICA_USA/company/bio_volpi_vaughn.html Vaughn Volpi President], undated, accessed June 2019</ref> The “principle office address” for the Fox Foundation, as of 9 February 2019, is W. Gandy Blvd, which matches the address of Pica’s Tampa office.<ref name=fox/><ref>PICA Corporation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603141527/http://www.pica.net/PICA_USA/offices/regional/o_tampa.html Regional Headquarters Tampa Florida], undated, accessed June 2019</ref> Volpi’s biography at Pica’s website states that his areas of expertise include “intellectual property investigations and program management, global network and intelligence management, Internet fraud and security and undercover investigations”.<ref name=bio>PICA Corporation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603141829/http://www.pica.net/PICA_USA/company/bio_volpi_vaughn.html Vaughn Volpi President], undated, accessed June 2019</ref> He was previously the Co-Chairman of an anti-counterfeiting organisation, the International Anticounterfeiting Coalition (IACC) Investigators Committee.<ref name=bio/> In June 2019, the IACC website stated that amongst its members were PMI, [[Japan Tobacco International]] (JTI), and [[JUUL Labs]].<ref>IACC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603144450/https://www.iacc.org/membership/members Membership], undated, accessed June 2019</ref> Pica was not listed as a member. ===India: Center of Excellence=== In May 2018 the Foundation awarded Metaform Ventures LLC US$100,000 to develop a proposal to establish a Center of Excellence in India.<ref name=tax/> Metaform is a venture capital company registered in Pleasanton, California and documents filed with the State<ref>Alex Padilla California Secretary of State, Business Entity number 201726210273, documents last filed 30 January 2019, available from https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/, accessed June 2019</ref> show it was registered in September 2017 and the Chief Executive is Jain Nilesh. It invests in technology companies and has increasingly looked at start ups in India.<ref>S. Pandita, [http://knowstartup.com/2018/07/metaform-ventures-llc-usa-angel-investors-india-invest-inr-5-crore-equity-debt-funding-picostone/ Metaform Ventures LLC (USA) and other angel investors from India invest INR 5 crore through equity and debt fudning in Picostone], Knowstartup.com, 5 July 2018, accessed June 2019</ref> It is unclear what the focus of this Research Centre will be. In November 2018, Nilesh said in an interview with NewsBarons that: <blockquote>“Healthcare in India is plagued for multiple reasons like poor infrastructure, lack of medical professionals in the semi urban and rural locations and the cost of medical treatment. Technology can play a major role in providing real time quality healthcare solutions across locations to a majority of our population who do not have access to basic healthcare facilities”.<ref>M. Joshi, [https://www.newsbarons.com/startups/product-scalability-should-be-considered-before-investing-nilesh-jain-metaform-ventures/ Product scalability should be considered before investing: Nilesh Jain, Metaform Ventures], Newsbarons.com, 30 November 2018, accessed June 2019</ref></blockquote> In May 2019, all grant money had been paid out.<ref name=tax/> ===India: Center of Excellence on Harm Reduction Science=== In May 2018, the Foundation awarded US$67,600 to the P.N. Srivastava Foundation For Scientific Education & Research in Shillong, for a “Detailed Project Development for Establishment of a Center of Excellence on Harm Reduction Science.”<ref name=tax/> It is unclear whether the funding is connected with Metaform’s project in India or is a separate venture. In May 2019, the entire grant amount had yet to be paid out.<ref name=tax/> The Foundation appears to have only been registered the same month it was awarded the grant and has no apparent other income.<ref> [https://ngodarpan.gov.in/index.php/home/statewise_ngo/72/17/3?per_page=50 P.N. Srivastava Foundation for Scientific Education and Research], NGO-DARPAN register, undated, accessed June 2019</ref> The website given as its address on documents filed with the local government does not work. The address appears to be the Department of Biochemistry at North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU) in Shillong. The three trustees are Rajeshwar Nath Sharan, Rajendra Prasad and Prabodh Jhingan. The Trustees appear to be all affiliated with NEHU. Jhingan retired from the university in 2011 after 35 years in its Cultural & Creative Studies Department.<ref>P. Jhingan, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/prabodh-jhingan-2403a354/?originalSubdomain=in Profile], LinkedIn.com, undated, accessed May 2019</ref> Sharan is Professor at Department of Biochemistry and Director of Design Innovation Center at the university.<ref>[https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/122535/overview Profile Rajeshwar Nath Sharan], loop.frontiersin.org, undated, accessed June 2019 </ref> On 31 May 2019, a paper allegedly written by Rajeshwar Sharan, Konstantinos Farsalinos, and Christopher Russell (Deputy Director of CSUR) and named ‘The Prospects of e-cigarettes in India: Overview of Evidence, Opportunities and Challenges Based on Experiences in Western Countries' was press released by an Indian media outlet.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190603131119/http://www.ptinews.com/news/10614374_India-s-Growing-Tobacco-Problem-and-Need-for-Safer-Choices.html India’s Growing Tobacco Problem and Need for Safer Choices], ''PTI News'', 31 May 2019, accessed June 2019</ref><ref name=india>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190603125906/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/544460-researches-call-for-appropriate-framework-to-curb-tobacco-problem-in-india Researches call for appropriate framework to curb tobacco problem in India], Devdiscource.com, 1 June 2019, accessed June 2019</ref> The key message relayed was that “it is imperative that India learns from the experience of other countries, and provide tobacco users with a less harmful alternative, rather than prohibiting e-cigarettes and missing out on an unprecedented opportunity to help adult smokers in India”.<ref name=india/> That same day, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the government’s research arm, launched its White Paper on e-cigarettes which concluded that the products “have a net negative impact on public health", and recommended a “complete prohibition on ENDS or e-cigarettes in India in the greater interest of protecting public health” and that the products .<ref>Indian Council of Medical Research, [https://www.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_realease_files/Press_Release_2.pdf White Paper on Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) released at ICMR Hqrs], Press release 31 May 2019, accessed June 2019</ref> ==TobaccoTactics Resources== *[[Foundation for a Smoke-Free World]] *[[Foundation for a Smoke-Free World People]] *[[Riccardo Polosa]] *[[Plain Packaging in the UK]] == Notes == <references/> [[Category:Influencing Science]][[Category:Countering Critics]] [[Category:Harm Reduction]] [[Category:Plain Packaging]][[Category:Price and Tax]] [[Category: Australia and New Zealand]] [[Category: EU]][[Category:UK]][[Category:Front Groups]]

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